Immunogenicity of the hepatitis A vaccine 20 years after infant immunization

To determine the duration of immunity provided by the Hepatitis A vaccination (HepA), we evaluated a cohort of participants in Alaska 20 years after being immunized as infants. At recruitment, participants received two doses of inactivated HepA vaccine on one of three schedules. We conducted hepatitis A antibody (anti-HAV) testing for participants at the 20-year time-point. Seventy-five of the original 183 participants (41%) were available for follow-up. The overall anti-HAV geometric mean concentration was 29.9 mIU/mL (95% CI 22.4 mIU/mL, 39.7 mIU/mL) and 50 participants (68%) remained seropositive (titer ≥ 20 mIU/mL). Using a fractional polynomial model, the predicted percent seropositive at 25 years was 55.3%, 49.8% at 30 years and 45.7% at 35 years, suggesting that the percent sero-positive could drop below 50% earlier than previously expected. Further research is necessary to understand if protection continues after seropositivity diminishes or if a HepA booster dose may become necessary.     

江苏省2005-2019年接受抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS合并HBV感染情况分析

目的 分析2005-2019年江苏省抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS的HBV感染情况。方法 采用回顾性资料分析,研究对象来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统艾滋病防治基本信息系统江苏省2005-2019年HIV/AIDS首次入组抗病毒治疗数据库,采用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析。分析不同特征HIV/AIDS的HBsAg检测率和HBsAg阳性率的差异及其影响因素,单因素分析采用χ²检验,多因素分析采用非条件logistic回归模型。结果 2005-2019年江苏省首次入组抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS共29 288例,总体HBsAg检测率为49.8%（14 594/29 288）,2005-2019年HBsAg检测率由0.0%（0/80）增加到75.2%（3 448/4 586）,呈逐年上升趋势。进行HBsAg检测的HIV/AIDS中,江苏省籍占81.6%（11 915/14 594）,男女性别比7.34：1（12 845：1 749）,年龄（38.5±13.8）岁,汉族占96.1%（14 023/14 594）,已婚/同居占48.9%（7 131/14 594）。男男性传播和异性性传播感染途径占97.9%（14 294/14 594）。logistic回归分析结果显示,HBsAg检测率的影响因素中,2015年及以后入组、外省户籍、已婚/同居、大专及以上文化程度、注射吸毒感染途径的人群HBsAg检测率较高。HIV/AIDS的HBsAg阳性率为8.6%（95%CI：8.2%~9.1%）,HBsAg阳性率在2016年之前均>10.0%,自2016年以后稳定在6.7%~8.2%。HBsAg阳性率的影响因素中,2015年及以后入组、女性、年龄>59岁、大专及以上学历人群的HBsAg阳性率较低,而45~59岁年龄组和少数民族人群的HBsAg阳性率较高。结论 2005-2019年江苏省首次入组抗病毒治疗的HIV/AIDS中,HBsAg检测率总体不高,合并HBV感染高于一般人群,需要加强其HBsAg相关检测工作。     

Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice

Kevin M. De Cock, MD; Mary Glenn Fowler, MD, MPH; Eric Mercier, MD, MPH; Isabelle de Vincenzi, MD, PhD; Joseph Saba, MD; Elizabeth Hoff, MSc; David J. Alnwick, MSc; Martha Rogers, MD; Nathan Shaffer, MD

JAMA. 2000;283:1175-1182.

Each year, an estimated 590,000 infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection from their mothers, mostly in developing countries that are unable to implement interventions now standard in the industrialized world. In resource-poor settings, the HIV pandemic has eroded hard-won gains in infant and child survival. Recent clinical trial results from international settings suggest that short-course antiretroviral regimens could significantly reduce perinatal HIV transmission worldwide if research findings could be translated into practice. This article reviews current knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission in developing countries, summarizes key findings from the trials, outlines future research requirements, and describes public health challenges of implementing perinatal HIV prevention interventions in resource-poor settings. Public health efforts must also emphasize primary prevention strategies to reduce incident HIV infections among adolescents and women of childbearing age. Successful implementation of available perinatal HIV interventions could substantially improve global child survival.

     

Involving Fathers in Teaching Youth About Farm Tractor Seatbelt Safety—A Randomized Control Study

PurposeFarm youth continue to experience high rates of injury and deaths as a result of agricultural activities. Farm machinery, especially tractors, is the most common cause of casualties to youth. A Roll-Over Protection Structure (ROPS) along with a fastened seatbelt can prevent almost all injuries and fatalities from tractor overturns. Despite this knowledge, the use of seatbelts by farmers on ROPS tractors remains low. This study treats farm safety as a family issue and builds on the central role of parents as teachers and role models of farm safety for youth.MethodsThis research study used a longitudinal, repeated-measures, randomized-control design in which youth 10–19 years of age were randomly assigned to either of two intervention groups (parent-led group and staff-led group) or the control group.ResultsFathers in the parent-led group were less likely to operate ROPS tractors without a seatbelt compared with other groups. They were more likely to have communicated with youth about the importance of wearing seatbelts on ROPS tractors. Consequently, youth in the parent-led group were less likely to operate a ROPS tractor without a seatbelt than the control group at post-test.ConclusionsThis randomized control trial supports the effectiveness of a home-based, father-led farm safety intervention as a promising strategy for reducing youth as well as father-unsafe behaviors (related to tractor seatbelts) on the farm. This intervention appealed to fathers' strong motivation to practice tractor safety for the sake of their youth. Involving fathers helped change both father as well as youth unsafe tractor-seatbelt behaviors.